Saturday, April 28, 2007

翻譯神話數則

* 以下只談外文中譯,且脈絡大半指學術著作之翻譯,因為這是我唯一熟悉的翻譯領域。某些觀點已在其它地方發表過了;出於各種理由,決定再寫一次。


「不能研究,就去搞翻譯吧」

對操中文為母語的吾人而言,在理解「西方」(只是個簡便說法,包含了許多異質的傳統:雅典的思辨陽光羅馬的務實精準基督教的超越神性蠻族的封建殺伐英人的四海為家義式重生的歷史人文法蘭西徘徊於印象精確間德意志的死板虛無絕對亞美利堅的樂觀進步分權資本主義社會主義共產主義自我主義工業化福利國家殖民活動海上帝國…)時,除了旅遊、交易、交流、結盟、作戰、談判等事以外,還需仰仗對其思想、文化、社會、政治、歷史等進行學問研究才能竟全功。一個少不得的捷徑(雖然看起來像是繞路)就是系統性、全面性地翻譯西方各領域的經典作品(德國怎從蠻族的散沙聚合為一文明下的某個統一權力組織的?)。然而,翻譯奠基於正確的理解,正確的理解又以了解外文為基礎,了解一語文也不只是看懂其文字而已,而是預設了對西方背景的深入了解--so,一個無限迴圈。這倒不代表沒有出路,只是說,翻譯和研究是一個不斷相互促進的過程。正如同一本經典可以激發多種(我不確定是不是無限種)解釋,同一本書大概也有許多種翻譯。理想的翻譯是不同文化間的橋樑,實際的翻譯卻都是文化間的劇烈撞擊。

事情就是這樣:我們研究西方、反省西方、批判西方--舉步維艱,因為我們沒有認真想看書,因為我們太容易滿足於現有的翻譯。好的翻譯是重要的研究成果(敝島另外一則神話:翻譯居然不被認定是學術成績。事出雖必有因可也略顯荒唐)。好的研究對於新的、更好的翻譯也很重要。這一神話的毛病就是:在研究和翻譯間過早地劃界,從而使兩方面的資訊流動都被封死。真想煽動哪個有野心的出版社學學大陸學者( 比方說劉小楓)搞的那套,以思想家、思想主題或某個傳統、時代為主體,成套成套地編譯出書。

當然,這一切都有個前提:譯文要正確。台灣銀行經濟研究室以前也搞過大量的經濟學名著翻譯、以前來華的傳教士也曾搞出套神學經典、而大陸早期的商務印書館,其質量跟台灣國上的志文出版有得拼--全都可用八個字來形容:立意甚佳,成效不彰。能不斷地失敗也算是成就斐然吧。且待我們繼續努力。

「一本書的翻譯,一個人比很多人來得好」

謬論,真正謬論!一個人其實也是很多個人,因為勞動是時日中的勞動,一個人在時間的進展中,想法也會分裂、繁殖,最後生出個跟壞老爸全不像的好孩子。而每一個時間點上的繁殖,體現於紙上就是個新朋友了(所以這道理用在作品上也是一樣的:人們常說「多人論文結集的水準比較參差不齊」,彷彿單人的論文集就比較容易有一致的水準一樣)。關鍵並不在於人數的多寡,而是工作流程之勘定。我們的多人譯事往往失敗,是由於譯者間的溝通不良,甚至沒有溝通所導致。這將多人翻譯的利基給抽盡了。翻譯本來就是耗心耗力耗時的工作,出版社給的錢又少,搞得大家都很急,卻又急不得--這時多人翻譯就出現了,通常是為了省時間用的。愚蠢。多人翻譯省下來的時間是應該拿來溝通、開會、討論用的。趕時間的結果,我們往往會看到一本不如不譯的書大剌剌地出現在書店的書架上。

我提議 ,有心的譯者、出版社重新進行溝通、協調,無論是單人翻譯還是多人翻譯,都嘗試訂定一個細緻、有規劃的工作流程:無論是譯詞譯名的統一與否、翻譯風格的決定、編輯、校對、再編輯、溝通、討論、統整等等,都該有討論、交流、爭執、意見交換置身其中。現在則是把稿子發一發大家各自閉門造車一番,然後再交給不知其名更不知其實力的文字編輯,糊里糊塗地修改(或不修改),這種如手工藝時代般的家庭代工作業流程,無論是一人還是多人譯,其實真沒多大差別,不是?

「譯成看得懂的中文才是好翻譯!」

(我不否認,市面上很多爛到不行的中譯,通常就是爛在看不懂;可是這裡關心的是更深層的,原則性的問題,甚至涉及了「我們幹嘛要把某本書譯成中文」這一大課題…)

好的翻譯通常都是看得懂的--可是就像德國人讀Phaenomenologie des Geistes也要搔頭苦思大半時辰一樣,困難的書就是困難。你只是「遲早」會看懂,不代表「立刻」就能懂--可是很多人講這話的時候,總是好像希望譯者幫讀者看懂。那譯者不用翻譯啦!改寫一本《□□導讀》便可。

反過來說,譯文流暢無礙有時反而是編輯、校對者的恐懼--因為太多譯者都很容易為了流暢而犧牲精確。(因我自己翻譯的經驗來看,這一誘惑更多是出於虛榮,倒不是什麼讀者作者難兩全這類屁話…)有時,流暢當然毋需犧牲精確--優美典雅的原文就該用優美典雅的譯文脫胎換骨卻存其精義,不是?--可惜的是,譯者向流暢靠攏的結果,往往顯示其誤讀或粗心,而非求其兩全之用心。

直譯之優劣、甚至其必要,只需請各位找陳康《巴曼尼德斯篇譯注》中的前言讀一讀便夠。陳康本人的研究成果已使直譯在研究中的重要性無可置疑。然而我想說的是:我們應該避免只用一種標準來評價翻譯這一錯覺。意圖、用途、目的不同,翻譯手法也隨之改變。錯的譯文是很多的,而依其脈絡,正確的譯文也是很多的。一種標準本身就能產生許多好譯文了,而多種標準也許會產生更多(或更少?)。讓我們試舉數種可能目的:將以外文表達的思想成果傳播給操母語的大眾;給研究人士參考用的譯本;譯者自己的一種文字演練;宗教傳道;藉外邦之口為自己的話添些份量,等等。簡言之,流暢的譯筆也許可以加分,卻並非出版譯著永遠的必要條件。翻譯不是科學,而是藝術--其中很少有一成不變的原則。譯者們,一起活絡我們的腦袋吧!

「讀死人書做啥?」

* 這文章是兩週前的我在某個陌生的硬碟裡發現的。印象所及,也許是一年前的我寫的。一年前的我那時候在想些什麼不得而知,而兩週前的我和現在的我也找不到別的抄本了,因此這篇文章中間有殘缺破損。然而首和尾或許值得一看,因此今天的我便將它上傳至此。

不時聽到些主攻英美分析哲學的朋友會質疑道:唸哲學原典幹嘛,不過是死人寫的東西罷了。他們大概不知道,如Quine、Nagel分析哲學家之流,古典學問亦極深厚,只是很少在這上頭作文章。比較知道狀況的人則有比較高段的說法:「歐陸的只會唸康德,但我們分析的才是在搞康德的哲學。」

不管怎麼說,呼籲「研習原典」之重要的,仍為數不少。其理據則不完全令人滿意。我的困惑是:作為一個立志要philosophize的人,該怎麼對待歷史灑落下來的思想呢?

劉小楓一直致力於引接西方思想原典,據他所云,細讀原典及其解釋才能「修身養性」、「浸潤在古典的思緒中」云云。了解自身的歷史及其偉大確乎一文明有修養者之標記,可是,「靠原典」來修身養性是愛智者的工作嗎?犬儒們「修身養性」嗎?「自我關懷」嗎?是故,這一說法既未說明原典在修身養性中之不可或缺,亦未闡發修身養性在愛智活動中之必要。

又或:某些人指出以前時代在學科尚未分化的時候,人們對概念的定性與界限儘管略嫌粗糙、生硬,但這正好有利於他們洞觀諸學科間的相互關聯,能對知識有一整體而全面的視野;相比今日學科的分化,追求「整體之知」的哲學可能在這一氛圍中有見樹不見林之危--因此,藉由閱讀過去的原典來重新尋回、培養哲學所追求的這一視野就是至關緊要的。這比上一種說法更為可取,唯一讓我心裡有個疙瘩的,就是它預設了某種很有問題的「演化」觀--越古老的思想視野越高越廣,之後漸次跌落,但概念的精確和「科學性」(?!)則在後期勝出。照這樣講,原典是讀越古老的越好,讀泰勒斯的斷片,視野會比讀亞里斯多德來得寬廣囉?查拉圖斯特拉的概念比先驗統覺要來得「精確」囉?…其實把這一預設擺脫掉,這一論據仍有其說服力--記著學科和概念的分化不必然意味著整體視野的喪失是很重要的。

第三個論據:創造力論據…(編者註:文本此處殘缺)

那些分析哲學訓練出身的朋友們會有這樣的看法,恐怕起因於對「進步」概念的批判未盡徹底。知識精英們現在提到進步觀大概會臉紅--在孔恩之後,連要說科學有「進步」都不容易了,而科學曾是「進步」的paradigm呢。但我們還是不自覺地相信:文明有進步過。

我想我對我需要的答案,慢慢有個輪廓了:人有身體,故受限於時空--人所造就的時空即歷史和社會。他的思想力圖超越,然而超越的可能性並非他所能控制的。書籍便成了相異時空的連結之--通道、道路、道說、道理。常理告訴我們,判斷應以健康人的判斷為準--一個病人嚐甜的卻覺得苦,我們也不說它苦。或者學本島國父說過的類似話語:由病理學研究是不能推導出生理學的。這一道理適合推廣到認識:oversight contains the seeds of insight but not insight itself. 我們是健康人嗎?我們生活在一個「健康的」時代嗎?很奇怪的是,我們連這個問題也無法回答了。在此時此地提出「讀死人書」的問題因而有如下假定:過去可能存在一個遠比我們更「健康(在尼釆的意義上)」的時代和人群,而我們也許未必要接受治療,卻至少渴望自我診斷--甚至是正確的自我診斷。在這個意義上說,為了「靠自己來思考」、為了「自我治理」,權宜地以古人為權威,將詮釋演練成一種思考形態,與其說是一種因人、因脾性而異的選擇,不如說是當今愛智者的命運。

Sunday, April 22, 2007

Notes on Bacon

* the following text is based on my readings of Essays, The Wisdom of Ancients, Advertisement for an Holy War, The New Atlantis, New Organon, and some paragraphs from The Reign of Henry VII.

Bacon accomplished, in his own view, an unprecedented combination of a pessimistic view of man with the ancient revival of atomism. The pessimistic view of man is based on two fundamental facts: that human beings are mortal, and that the sober ones, conscious of this very fact, pursue fame for prosperity, the best humanly possible substitution of immortality. The argument for atomism, and the following corollary of a new organon, is negatively based on the unreliability of sense experience, and positively based on both its utility for conquering nature through sciences and arts, and its correspondence to the Baconian view that nature is necessarily hidden to humans. (The negative determination is insufficient, and the positive ones are problematic. But leave that aside for now.)

Three questions: Since this is the only correct method, why was it not attempted before Bacon? Is it because the ancients thought that it will not work? And why does Bacon think it could work? Finally, what is the anticipated result of Baconian philosophy (or to state differently, what is the desired end in view which Bacon deduces his philosophy as the best means to attain?)

The answer to the first question could be found in "Orpheus, of Philosophy" in Bacon's The Wisdom of Ancients. According to Bacon's interpretation of this myth, the first philosophers tried to "tune" nature, or investigate natural philosophy, but due to the elusiveness of nature, they failed, and in dismay turned to the arrangement of human things, or practice moral philosophy (in Bacon's time, a term which includes political philosophy); they succeeded, but due to the "vicissitude of things" (Cf. the essay with the same title in Essays), it necessarily becomes a temporary success. Why could philosophers, failing to know nature, succeed in arranging things human, is not clear (esp. if we are reminded that the difference between the philosopher-legislator and the non-philosophical statesman is that the former is guided by nature, while the latter is without a transparent view of this standard to weigh his experiences); but Bacon's interpretation might be an explanation of why a "new" philosophy like his would (or should) appear at this very moment. The most we can say is that it seems that Democritus had no need to turn to moral philosophy, since he solved the problem of natural philosophy; and first failures appear to be indispensable for the completion of any philosophical journey. Philosophy looks like a synthesis of tragedy and comedy, since its pursuit of wisdom inevitably goes through a mathos pathei (which in the Western tradition is located in human things, and ultimately political things), and Bacon's solution for the inevitable second failure "comedizes" the savagely killed Orphesuses.

In order for Orphesuses to be really funny, the science of ruling should be compatible with the science based on atomism. Atomism rejects divine providence; but the science of ruling presupposes divine providence. The only way out of this dilemma is to assign to each science different orders of rank, and to subject science to authority. This civil religion is so constructed that divine providence sanctions certain sciences and arts that have no need of divine providence. Just as human evil could be a divine good, lack of belief in sciences could also be a part of god's plan. Sciences are still to be checked, but not by actual religions, rather religions remolded by moral philosophy -- sciences and arts not absolutely emancipated. They become beneficial to society at no cost -- or, at the cost of the beneficial rule of philosophy. Bacon retained the duality of natural things and "all too human things," and made the second philosophy first: totally coherent with his view of nature, where the more perfect comes later in time. Bacon is one of those young, like Lybians and Scythians under the pen of Herodotus, flirting with the "the older the better" equation to silently change the standard. Wisdom is still not, and could not be, completely institutionalized.

The anticipated outcome of this philosophy is depicted in the New Atlantis, but I would rather point out an often overlooked aspect of this utopia: the visualization of nature tamed, developed to the point of perfection, is the garden and the zoo (Cf. 'Advancement for Philosophy'). By inferring backwards, nature must be originally wild -- i.e., without meaning for human -- and then tempered to be knowable. The baconian equation of knowledge and power in fact makes the knowable, not the desirable or the conquerable, the meaning for human beings. Scientists raise longevity for humans in exchange for fame; common people get the best (proportional to individual human powers) substitute for immortality; and philosophers enjoy tranquility for contemplating the true (i.e. untamed) nature of things, natural and human, and from this perspective deliberate secret deeds for the inexplicable love for mankind.

(updated, revised 2008.08.08)